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  <Article>
    <Journal>
      <PublisherName>ijesm</PublisherName>
      <JournalTitle>International Journal of Engineering, Science and</JournalTitle>
      <PISSN>I</PISSN>
      <EISSN>S</EISSN>
      <Volume-Issue>Volume 7, Issue 4</Volume-Issue>
      <PartNumber/>
      <IssueTopic>Multidisciplinary</IssueTopic>
      <IssueLanguage>English</IssueLanguage>
      <Season>April 2018</Season>
      <SpecialIssue>N</SpecialIssue>
      <SupplementaryIssue>N</SupplementaryIssue>
      <IssueOA>Y</IssueOA>
      <PubDate>
        <Year>-0001</Year>
        <Month>11</Month>
        <Day>30</Day>
      </PubDate>
      <ArticleType>Engineering, Science and Mathematics</ArticleType>
      <ArticleTitle>Attachment of Leishmania donovani virulent strains -Murine Peritoneal Macrophage interaction induces PKC mediated oxidative events</ArticleTitle>
      <SubTitle/>
      <ArticleLanguage>English</ArticleLanguage>
      <ArticleOA>Y</ArticleOA>
      <FirstPage>1</FirstPage>
      <LastPage>11</LastPage>
      <AuthorList>
        <Author>
          <FirstName>Debjani Das</FirstName>
          <LastName>(Ghosh)</LastName>
          <AuthorLanguage>English</AuthorLanguage>
          <Affiliation/>
          <CorrespondingAuthor>N</CorrespondingAuthor>
          <ORCID/>
        </Author>
      </AuthorList>
      <DOI/>
      <Abstract>Leishmania donovani parasite proliferates within the host macrophage. Knowledge about the regulation of the oxidative metabolism in the host cells on virulent and avirulent strains of L. donovani and oxidative mechanisms after its attachment on the macrophage surface are still not clear. In vitro replication revealed that the degree of virulence is highest in GE-1 &gt;AG-83 &gt;UR-6 strains. It was observed that on parasite attachment, augmentation of O2 consumption, O2-production and NO generation occurred and these oxidative events diminished and differ significantly with intracellular replication of the parasites. Compared to UR-6, Protein Kinase C (PKC) activator-induced oxidative burst activity and bacterial LPS and IFN-__ampersandsigngamma; induced NO production were markedly inhibited in peritoneal macrophages infected with GE-1 and AG-83 strains. Moreover, PKC inhibitor attenuates O2- production and NO generation. NO generation was also inhibited by Protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitors, indicating the role of PKC and PTK in parasite mediated NO-signaling pathway. However, PKC activity in cell membrane fraction increased considerably and had a synergistic effect with PKC activator following attachment with virulent strains compared to infected conditions. Thus, impairment of PKC-dependent oxidative events by virulent strains of Leishmania donovani may attenuate peritoneal macrophage activation and contribute to persistence of infection.</Abstract>
      <AbstractLanguage>English</AbstractLanguage>
      <Keywords>Leishmania donovani, Macrophage, Attachment, Oxidative events, PKC, PTK</Keywords>
      <URLs>
        <Abstract>https://ijesm.co.in/ubijournal-v1copy/journals/abstract.php?article_id=5117&amp;title=Attachment of Leishmania donovani virulent strains -Murine Peritoneal Macrophage interaction induces PKC mediated oxidative events</Abstract>
      </URLs>
      <References>
        <ReferencesarticleTitle>References</ReferencesarticleTitle>
        <ReferencesfirstPage>16</ReferencesfirstPage>
        <ReferenceslastPage>19</ReferenceslastPage>
        <References/>
      </References>
    </Journal>
  </Article>
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