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  <Article>
    <Journal>
      <PublisherName>ijesm</PublisherName>
      <JournalTitle>International Journal of Engineering, Science and</JournalTitle>
      <PISSN>I</PISSN>
      <EISSN>S</EISSN>
      <Volume-Issue>volume 14,issue 4,</Volume-Issue>
      <PartNumber/>
      <IssueTopic>Multidisciplinary</IssueTopic>
      <IssueLanguage>English</IssueLanguage>
      <Season>April 2025</Season>
      <SpecialIssue>N</SpecialIssue>
      <SupplementaryIssue>N</SupplementaryIssue>
      <IssueOA>Y</IssueOA>
      <PubDate>
        <Year>2025</Year>
        <Month>04</Month>
        <Day>16</Day>
      </PubDate>
      <ArticleType>Engineering, Science and Mathematics</ArticleType>
      <ArticleTitle>FLUORIDE CONTAMINATION IN BHIWANI DISTRICT GROUNDWATER: SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND POTABILITY EVALUATION</ArticleTitle>
      <SubTitle/>
      <ArticleLanguage>English</ArticleLanguage>
      <ArticleOA>Y</ArticleOA>
      <FirstPage>29</FirstPage>
      <LastPage>35</LastPage>
      <AuthorList>
        <Author>
          <FirstName>Manju1</FirstName>
          <LastName/>
          <AuthorLanguage>English</AuthorLanguage>
          <Affiliation/>
          <CorrespondingAuthor>N</CorrespondingAuthor>
          <ORCID/>
          <FirstName>Dr.</FirstName>
          <LastName>Suprita2</LastName>
          <AuthorLanguage>English</AuthorLanguage>
          <Affiliation/>
          <CorrespondingAuthor>Y</CorrespondingAuthor>
          <ORCID/>
        </Author>
      </AuthorList>
      <DOI/>
      <Abstract>The study examines the distribution patterns and suitability evaluation of fluorides occurring in Bhiwani District groundwater in Haryana. The researchers obtained 60 groundwater samples from tube wells hand pumps and bore wells through a stratified random sampling method across nine administrative blocks. Standard laboratory procedures were used to analyze physico-chemical parameters such as pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Total Hardness (TH) and Calcium (Ca²?) and Magnesium (Mg²?) and Alkalinity and Fluoride. The analysis showed that pH levels and calcium concentrations were acceptable but TDS and hardness and magnesium and alkalinity exceeded their corresponding standards in various samples. Fluoride measurements in the studied water samples showed values from 1.1 to 2.1 mg/l while the WHO and BIS guideline value of 1.5 mg/l was exceeded by 44% of tested samples mainly found in Dadri-I, Dadri-II and Tosham blocks. The research data highlights the ongoing requirement for sustained monitoring programs alongside defluoridation strategy deployment to protect drinking water safety in the selected area.</Abstract>
      <AbstractLanguage>English</AbstractLanguage>
      <Keywords>Fluoride contamination, Groundwater quality, Bhiwani District, Physicochemical parameters, Spatial distribution, Potability Evaluation.</Keywords>
      <URLs>
        <Abstract>https://ijesm.co.in/ubijournal-v1copy/journals/abstract.php?article_id=15668&amp;title=FLUORIDE CONTAMINATION IN BHIWANI DISTRICT GROUNDWATER: SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND POTABILITY EVALUATION</Abstract>
      </URLs>
      <References>
        <ReferencesarticleTitle>References</ReferencesarticleTitle>
        <ReferencesfirstPage>16</ReferencesfirstPage>
        <ReferenceslastPage>19</ReferenceslastPage>
        <References/>
      </References>
    </Journal>
  </Article>
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